Using Mobile Phones to Persuade

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# [NOTIFICATIONS](http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/dopamine-smartphones-battle-time/)

![:img Picture of phone screen with red dots,
100%](img/behavior-change/dopamine.jpg)

.footnote[Picture from [itstimetologoff.com](https://www.itstimetologoff.com/2018/03/22/why-switching-off-your-social-media-and-phone-notifications-is-your-own-mini-digital-detox/)]

---
# [Dopamine, Smartphones & You: A battle for your time](http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/dopamine-smartphones-battle-time/)

![:img Picture of brain looking at notification, 80%](img/behavior-change/dopamine2.png)

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.left-column[
## Using Mobile Phones to Persuade

]
.right-column[

Jennifer Mankoff

CSE 340 Spring 2019

![:img Picture of violinist in office with boy and principal with caption; I've hired this musician to play a sad melody while I give you a sob story about why I didn't do my homework. It's actually quite effective, 60%](img/behavior-change/sob.png)

]

---
.title[What does it take to persuade you?]

.body[

![:youtube Wildebeest arguing about a log and whether it is a crocodile, JMJXvsCLu6s]
]

---
.left-column[
## Technology for persuasion

Coercive: negatve connotatons, patronizing, paternalistc, "we know
what’s best for you and you will do it!"
]
.right-column[
![:img Big person leaning on small person, 50%](img/behavior-change/coercion.png)
]
---
.left-column[
##Technology for persuasion

##Is really about behavior change
]
.right-column[

Which do you think is true?

Persuasive = Coercive

Persuasive >= Coercive

Persuasive <= Coercive

Persuasive != Coercive

]
---
.title[What does it take to persuade you?]

.body[
![:youtube People being persuaded to climb stairs, 2lXh2n0aPyw]
]

---
.title[What does it take to persuade you?]

.body[
![:youtube Cialdini, cFdCzN7RYbw]

:54 6 shortcuts
]

---
.title[What’s needed to support positive behavior change?]
.body[
.quote[
If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it.]

Lord Kelvin
]

---
.title[Data Collection Options]
.body[

![:img Data collection Devices (fitbits; watches; etc), 80%](img/behavior-change/data-collection.png)
]
---
.title[Data Collection Options]
.body[

Or we could just use one...

![:img Samsung Phone, 40%](img/behavior-change/phone.png)

]
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.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable

## Data ]
.right-column[

![:img Speedometor with dial at 110mph, 100%](img/behavior-change/speedometer.png)

]

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.left-column[
## Where is the value?

## Data

]
.right-column[
Most of what we get is Data

![:img many graphs, 100%](img/behavior-change/mostlydata.png)
]

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.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable

## Knowledge ]
.right-column[

![:img Sign comparing speed (29mph) to speed limit (25mp), 100%](img/behavior-change/sign.png)

]

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.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable

## Decision Making ]
.right-column[

![:img out of focus sign due to speeding, 100%](img/behavior-change/focus.png)

]

---
.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable

### Translating data into behavior change

]
.right-column[
![:img Personal Informatics apps, 80%](img/behavior-change/personalinformatics.png)

]
.footnote[[personalinformatics.org](http://personalinformatics.org/tools)]

---
.left-column[
## Making Data Actionable

### Translating data into behavior change

]
.right-column[
![:img five part model of personal informatics with stages
preparation; collection; integration; reflection; action ,
80%](img/behavior-change/personal-informatics-model.png)

Developed with 68 survey participants, 11 follow-up interviews

]
.footnote[Li, Dey, Forlizzi. A Stage-Based Model of Personal
Informatics Systems. CHI 2010.]
---

.left-column[
## Preparation

![:img person waving, 100%](img/behavior-change/alice.png)
]
.right-column[
Alice!
- **Wanted** to become active
- **Decided** to track her physical activity
- **Chose** to track step counts using a pedometer
]

.footnote[
**Preparation**|Collection|Integration|Reflection|Action]

---
background-image: url(img/behavior-change/data-collection.png)

.left-column[
## Collection

]

.right-column[

| day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps | day | steps |
|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|-----|-------|
| Mon | 1573  | Mon | 1209  | Mon | 12344 | Mon | ...   | Mon | ...   | Mon | ...   |
| Tue | 4392  | Tue | 1834  | Tue | 1200  | Tue | ...   | Tue | ...   | Tue | ...   |
| Wed | 4537  | Wed | 4341  | Wed | 4311  | Wed | ...   | Wed | ...   | Wed | ...   |
| Thu | 5842  | Thu | 8300  | Thu | 7348  | Thu | ...   | Thu | ...   | Thu | ...   |
| Fri | 10258 | Fri | 10300 | Fri | 9384  | Fri | ...   | Fri | ...   | Fri | ...   |
| Sat | 7528  | Sat | 6347  | Sat | 5123  | Sat | ...   | Sat | ...   | Sat | ...   |
| Sun | 1367  | Sun | 1231  | Sun | 1430  | Sun | ...   | Sun | ...   | Sun | ...   |
| Mon | 1497  | Mon | 1503  | Mon | 1427  | Mon | ...   | Mon | ...   | Mon | ...   |
| Tue | 1837  | Tue | 1717  | Tue | 1643  | Tue | ...   | Tue | ...   | Tue | ...   |
| Wed | 4537  | Wed | 4341  | Wed | 4311  | Wed | ...   | Wed | ...   | Wed | ...   |
| Thu | 5842  | Thu | 8300  | Thu | 7348  | Thu | ...   | Thu | ...   | Thu | ...   |
| Fri | 10258 | Fri | 10300 | Fri | 9384  | Fri | ...   | Fri | ...   | Fri | ...   |
| Sat | 7528  | Sat | 6347  | Sat | 5123  | Sat | ...   | Sat | ...   | Sat | ...   |
| Sun | 1367  | Sun | 1231  | Sun | 1430  | Sun | ...   | Sun | ...   | Sun | ...   |
| ... | ...   | ... | ...   | ... | ...   |     | ...   | ... | ...   | ... | ...   |
]
---

.left-column[
## Integration

![:img person waving, 100%](img/behavior-change/alice.png)
]
.right-column[
![:img chart of steps, 100%](img/behavior-change/chart.png)

]

.footnote[
Preparation|Collection|**Integration**|Reflection|Action]

---

.left-column[
## Reflection

![:img person waving, 100%](img/behavior-change/alice.png)
]
.right-column[
![:img chart of steps, 100%](img/behavior-change/chart-highlights.png)

]

.footnote[
Preparation|Collection|Integration|**Reflection**|Action]

---

.left-column[
## Action

![:img person moving, 100%](img/behavior-change/aliceactive.png)
]
.right-column[

The stage when people choose what they are going to do with their
new-found understanding of themselves.
]

.footnote[
Preparation|Collection|Integration|Reflection|**Action**]

???
How can we support this with technology?

--
.right-column[
– Alerts

– Incentives

– Suggestions

]

???
Context-aware computing...

---

.left-column50[
![:img self tracking in context, 100%](img/behavior-change/full-model.png)
]
.right-column50[

# Why Behavior Change is Difficult

### Every stage presents distinct barriers

Failures in one stage cascade through later stages, must design for
entire tracking process

### This occurs in a larger context of deciding to track, selecting a tool, and eventual lapsing
]
.footnote[Epstein, Ping, Fogarty, Munson. A Lived Informatics Model of
Personal Informatics. UbiComp 2015.]

---

.title[Process of Change]
.body.small[

![:img Trans-theoretical change model, 100%](img/behavior-change/ttc.png)

]
???
Using the same plan for every individual who wishes to change a behavior will not work

Timing is important in the process of willful change

---
background-image: url(img/behavior-change/phoneplanet.png)

.title[Case Study: Energy Use]
---
.title[What is the responsibility of technologists to address climate
change?]
.body[
![:img Picture of unhappy amazon boxes, 80%](img/behavior-change/amazon.jpeg)
]
.footnote[[Amazon Refuses to Act on Climate Change. So We Employees Are Speaking Out](https://www.yesmagazine.org/planet/amazon-climate-change-action-jeff-bezos-20190530)]

---
.left-column[
![:img Picture of a mobile phone with a car and a tree on the sceren,50%](img/behavior-change/ubigreen.png)

]
.right-column[
## Case Study: UbiGreen

Sensed Transportation Behavior

Ever-present Feedback

Two formative studies 
- Online survey
- In situ (ESM) study

Three week field deployment
]
.footnote[
J. Froehlich, T. Dillahunt, P. Klasnja, J. Mankoff, S. Consolvo, B. Harrison, J. A. Landay, CHI 2009
]
---

![:img Picture of a mobile phone with a car and a tree on the sceren, 50%](img/behavior-change/ubigreen-explained.png)

---

![:img Picture of a mobile phone with a car and a tree on the sceren,60%](img/behavior-change/ubigreen-system.png)

---
![:img Picture of a mobile phone with a car and a tree on the sceren,60%](img/behavior-change/ubigreen-sequence.png)

---
.left-column[
![:img Picture of a mobile phone with a car and a tree on the sceren,40%](img/behavior-change/ubigreen.png)

]

.right-column[
## UbiGreen

2 cities; 14 participants

Obtain preliminary feedback on prototype
- Engagement
- Potential for social use
- Potential for changing behavior

]
---
.left-column[
![:img Picture of a mobile phone with a car and a tree on the sceren,40%](img/behavior-change/ubigreen.png)

]

.right-column[
## UbiGreen

Engagement
.quote[It's omnipresent]

Behavior Change: 
.quote[
“It really encourages you to analyze your own performance”
]

]
???
Introspection

---
.title[Personal Informatics]
.body[
![:img five part model of personal informatics with stages
preparation; collection; integration; reflection; action ,
80%](img/behavior-change/personal-informatics-model.png)

]
???
Apply it to ubigreen

---
.title[Aside: Other ways for CS to engage with sustainability]
.left-column50[

## Impact: Direct ways of reducing carbon emissions

- Efficiency (new technologies, new patterns of use, better buildings, etc.)
- Carbon capture & storage
- Alternate sources of energy
- Carbon sinks (e.g. reforestation)
- Better energy grid
]

.right-column50[

## Solutions: Indirect ways of reducing carbon emissions

- Population control
- Economic controls (e.g., taxes)
- Cross-cultural solutions (culturally-relevant technologies)
- Education
- Governmental buy in (Local laws, world treaties, etc)
- Advancing science
]
.footnote[
[Socolow &
Pacala](http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/10/carbon-crisis/img/stabilization_wedges.pdf); 
A. Gore, Earth in the Balance
]
---
.right-column[
## My checklist for mobile ICT impact

*Measure* waste and impact
   - Example: [what happens to phones when you finish with them?](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1357054.1357110)
   
*Monitor, Model & Inform* governments as well as individuals
  - Example: [Measuring air pollution using a mobile
    device](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1978942.1979290)
]
---
.left-column[

![:img therml, 100%](img/behavior-change/therml.png)

Simulated impact of multiple algorithms on three month data set

]

.right-column[
## My checklist for mobile ICT impact

*Encourage environmentality*
  - example [Automated thermostat  setting](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2493432.2493441)
  - automation, efficiency, re-use
  - people (lived experience)
  - reduce waste
]
.footnote[[some computer science issues in creating a sustainable world](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~io/publications/ieee08-preprint.pdf)]

---
.left-column[
![:img cscw, 100%](img/behavior-change/android.png)
]

.right-column[
# My checklist for mobile ICT impact

*Relevance across sectors and cultures* (residential: renters, owners, etc), business, ...)
  - Example: [understanding conflicts between landlords and tenants  around energy use](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1864349.1864376)
  - Example: [deploying an android energy monitor to help communities &
  individuals monitor](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2531602.2531626)
  
Goal: *Scale up* to governments, nations or more
] 
.footnote[
[Some computer science issues in creating a sustainable world](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~io/publications/ieee08-preprint.pdf)
]
---

.title[Why a digression on sustainability in a behavior change lecture?]
.body[
![:img five part model of personal informatics with stages
preparation; collection; integration; reflection; action ,
80%](img/behavior-change/personal-informatics-model.png)

]
???
That's all there is to fix it, we need the will power at a society level

Of course there's other applications of behavior change as well :)
Health is a big one!

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